How Children Being Bullied Can Not Only Affect Them

When one thinks of bullying, they usually associated it with the phrase, â€Å"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me† those â€Å"sticks and stones† may not only just break those bones, but can undoubtedly leave a lasting impact on a person and make those hateful words and actions hurt that much more to a point that the person would not know how to deal with them. Bullying has become a problematic issue in today’s society, especially where school age children is concerned. Bullies alternative motive too often is to attack those who seem to be more vulnerable, or weaker than any other person. The reason for this is because the one that is doing the bullying knows that person to whom they are bullying, will never anything†¦show more content†¦It is a problematic phenomenon that affects many school age children that has taken refuge is some, if not all class rooms in the United States and also on some other continents around the world. (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). The first is taking a look at how attitude and behavior affects children and plays a role in bullying. In preadolescent to adolescent years when bullying first occurs, their attitudes and behaviors are mixed. The majority of these age group children are opposed to bullying. In fact, many feel that bullying is just a wrong thing all together (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). Many children behaviors toward bullying will have different outcomes. Many children will become to be known as bystanders or saviors, these children usually fall into the 20% or below category. These children will not become involved in the situation if they witness bullying taking place or will turn their head to it all together, but most of the children within this group will actually define or stand up against bullying while most other children behaviors in this age group, about 20% to 30%, will actually encourage the bullies and their behavior. Many will automatically will become helpers or enforcers to the ones to whom are doing the bullying. (Salmivalli Voeten, 2004). Gender can

Literature And Social Criticism Of Fahrenheit 451

Literature/Social Criticism in Fahrenheit 451 term paper 1764 Literature term papers Disclaimer: Free essays on Literature posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only. The free Literature research paper (Social Criticism in Fahrenheit 451 essay) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service. If you need fresh and competent research / writing on Literature, use the professional writing service offered by our company. View / hide essay Ray Bradbury wrote the novel Fahrenheit 451, which is a story about a society that believed books were for burning and where thinking was discouraged. Throughout the novel there are several incidents that can be†¦show more content†¦In their society, technology has become more important. Also, they see less educated people easier to control. At school, the word, intellectual , of course, became the swear word it deserved to be...the boy in your class who was exceptionally bright , did most of the reciting and answering while the others sat like so many leaden idols, hating him. And wasn t it the bright boy you selected for beatings and tortures after hours? We must all alike. Not everyone born free and equal...not everyone made equal. (Ray Bradbury, 1953, p.58) This quotation refers to the philosophy of their society. It is socially criticized because it gave everybody access to the same information and therefore not allowing anyone to think freely. In their society, intelligence means nothing. Referring to the first quotation, if they are told to know something, then they will not ask questions, and therefore everyone will be equal in their knowledge. In this civilization, one is not allowed to be intellect because someone who is stronger in that area has more to offer, like the bright boy , who is hated by others who are not as strong. The society wants children to attend school earlier, we ve lowered the kindergarten age year after year until now we re almost snatching them from the cradle. (Ray Bradbury, 1953, p.60) This is an example of social criticism because the younger the children are attendingShow MoreRelatedSocial Critism Presented throughout Fantasy in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and The Memoirs of a Survivor by Doris Lessi ng1515 Words   |  6 Pagesimprobable in literature. Fantasy if often used in correspondence to social criticism, which deals with the exposure of problems, issues and conditions in a society with a flawed social structure, where criticism usually addresses cultural, economic and political issues in a society. This paper will analyze two fiction based novels and the social criticism present throughout this genre of fantasy. With regards to social criticism, this paper will compare and contrast Fahrenheit 451 by Ray BradburyRead MoreEssay about Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511129 Words   |  5 Pages Literary Criticism of Fahrenheit 451 Don’t worry, be happy, or at least that’s what everyone in Ray Bradbury’s book Fahrenheit 451 thought. No matter what was going on around them, war, crime, or death, they were always happy†¦ Or were they? Ray Bradbury wrote books about censorship in society forming around being censored totally or partially from books and television. In Fahrenheit 451 the main character, Montag, is a fireman whose job it is to burn books to keep the public from reading then andRead MoreCensorship In William Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511112 Words   |  5 Pagesoften directed at political ideas or criticism of the government. 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With technology, everything is much more convenient, and everyone has a muchRead MoreFahrenheit 451 : A Marxist Criticism2256 Words   |  10 PagesFahrenheit 451: A Marxist Criticism In Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451, a dystopian society is depicted lacking one major aspect; books. Written in the wake of the cultural purge by Nazi Germany, there are evident parallels of the effects of mass media on culture between the book and the events that took place in Germany. Bradbury s intent of the novel is to demonstrate that in the lack of books and outside forms of culture, information given replaces true, original thought, and the one thing that makesRead MoreFahrenheit 4511858 Words   |  8 PagesIII H (4) October 24, 2013 The Exhort of Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury created the novel Fahrenheit 451 as a way to admonish future generations against social and economic trends that would emerge during the twentieth century. I. Introduction II. Reasons behind novel A. World events B. Personal events III. Economic trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A. The economics of consumerism B. Economic effects on society IV. Social trends of the twentieth century A TechnologyRead MoreAnalysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 4512249 Words   |  9 PagesFarris 3 Lauren Farris Mrs. Reid AP English 4 21 March 2006 Analysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury takes the reader to a time where firemen do not put out fires; they start them in order to burn books, because books and intelligent thinking is outlawed. By using a combination of metaphors and symbols in this novel, Bradbury deepens the intricacy of his central them that censorship and too much government control is dangerous, and men should be

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Free Essays

string(180) " distinct service operations articles \(see the Appendix for a complete list\) and recorded information on the author\(s\) and author af\? liation\(s\) at the time of publication\." PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 780 –790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms.  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Jeffery S. Smith †¢ Kirk R. Karwan †¢ Robert E. Markland Department of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA jssmith@cob. fsu. edu †¢kirk. karwan@furman. edu †¢bobbym@moore. sc. edu e present an empirical assessment of the productivity of individuals and institutions in terms of service operations management (SOM) research. We reviewed ? ve mainstream operations management journals over a 17-year time period to generate a sample of 463 articles related to service operations. The results indicate that SOM research has been growing and key contributions are being made by an array of researchers and institutions. Key words: research productivity; research review; service operations Submissions and Acceptance: Original submission: Received November 2005; revisions received July 2006 and October 2007; accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. Introduction The transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a service orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The trend is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of service work (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of research in operations management (OM) have long been critical of the ? eld for not transitioning in a similar manner. One study by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) reviewed 1,754 articles between 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed service-related problems. Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a paucity of research in presenting a Service Operations Management (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, there is clearly enormous potential and need for research in the service operations arena. Recent developments within the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have taken several steps to facilitate research in service operations. First, the journal recently published three focused issues on 780 service operations. Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of Service Operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial department dedicated to service operations. Other initiatives to promote the service operations management ? eld include the establishment of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche within operations management. If service operations management researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to leading academic journals must be more widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the purpose of this note is twofold: (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journals is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure â€Å"contribution,† we relied on a straightforward approach to assess contrib utions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues: (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the metric for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included. First, we selected a 17-year time frame beginning with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive picture of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journals in operations management (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/). These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles attributable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had multiple (â€Å"n†) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreeme nt between the two raters, the third author made the ? al decision. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic operations model or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c reference to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an inventory-positioning policy between a manufacturer and a series of retailers. The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the perspective of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this methodology, we identi? ed 463 distinct service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of publication. You read "A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management" in category "Essay examples" The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journal’s share of service operations articles. Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the total number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller percentages. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appearing in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the past 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened emphasis originating at the editorial level. The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year; totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal; service % indicates the representation of service articles in comparison to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70 Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same analysis by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions. Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldstein Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs Marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cachon Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions Productivity score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to approach the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and othe rs from more empirical or descriptive perspectives. In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on empirical studies bodes well for the â€Å"new† and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08 Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of Utah New York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School ATT University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more robust SOM research paradigm. Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appendix Journal of Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Davis, 1990, An analysis of customer satisfaction with waiting times in a two-stage service process. Mabert, 1990, Measuring the impact of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer contact model. Thompson, 1990, Shift scheduling in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of technology in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, Integrated system design and operational decisions for service sector outlets. Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period impact of service when determining employee requirements for labor scheduling. Rajagopalan, 1994, Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, Strategic operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service markets and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, Labor scheduling using NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor capacity. Archer, 1996, Consumer response to service and product quality. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in hospital strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment. Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers’ quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process design in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, Effect of service supplier performance on †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ satisfaction and loyalty of store managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupling strategies in mixed services. Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An analysis of the operational ef? ciency of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, Flexible bed allocation and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information technology on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria. Pullman, 2001, Service design and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, Human issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service process design. Li, 2002, The impact of strategic operations management decisions on community hospital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The effect of location, strategy, and operations technology on hospital performance. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The service concept. Simons, 2002, A case study of batching in a mass service operation. Detert, 2003, The measurement of quality management culture in schools. Sa? zadeh, 2003, An empirical analysis of ? ancial services processes with a front-of? ce or back-of? ce orientation. Youngdahl, 2003, Revisiting customer participation in service encounters. Frohle, 2004, New measurement scales for evaluating perceptions of the technology-mediated customer service experience. Pagell, 2004, Assessing the impa ct of alternative manufacturing layouts in a service setting. Rabinovich, 2004, Physical distribution service quality in internet retailing: Service pricing, transaction attributes, and ? rm attributes. Stuart, 2004, Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences. Sun, 2004, Assessing joint maintenance shops in the Taiwanese Army using data envelop analysis. Tucker, 2004, The impact of operational failures on hospital nurses and their patients. Zhao, 2004, Quality management and organizational context in selected service industries of China. Boyer, 2005, Extending the supply chain. Chesteen, 2005, Comparing quality of care in non-pro? t and for-pro? t nursing homes. Jambulingam, 2005, Entrepreneurial orientation as a basis for classi? cation within a service industry. 784 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Kimes, 2005, An evaluation of heuristic methods for determining the best table mix in full-service restaurants. Meyer-Goldstein, 2005, Linking publicness to operations management practices. Narasimhan, 2005, Ef? cient service location design in government services. Olson, 2005, Operational, economic and mission elements in not-for-pro? t organizations. Thirumalai, 2005, Customer satisfaction with order ful? llment in retail supply chains. Thompson, 2005, Using information on unconstrained student demand to improve university course schedules. Voss, 2005, Managerial choice and performance in service management. Wisner, 2005, The service volunteer–loyalty chain. Apte, 2006, Analysis and improvement of delivery operations at the San Francisco public library. Boyer, 2006, Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases. de Treville, 2006, Applying operations management logic and tools to save lives. Dilts, 2006, Impact of role in the decision to fail. Gowen, 2006, Exploring the ef? cacy of healthcare quality practices, employee commitment, and employee control. Hays, 2006, Service guarantee strength. Hume, 2006, Understanding the service experience in nonpro? t performing arts. Karwan, 2006, Integrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations. Li, 2006, Hospital technology and nurse staf? ng management decisions. Sampson, 2006, Optimization of volunteer labor assignments. Simpson, 2006, Modeling of residential structure ? re response. Sulek, 2006, Measuring performance in multi-stage service operations. Verma, 2006, Using a market-utility-based approach to designing public services. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Management Science †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Batta, 1990, Covering-location models for emergency situation that require multiple response units. Bechtold, 1990, Implicit modeling of ? exible break assignments in optimal shift scheduling. Psaraftis, 1990, Routing and scheduling on a shoreline with release times. Abramson, 1991, Constructing school timetables using simulated annealing. Bard, 1991, Designing telecommunications networks for the reseller market. Domich, 1991, Locating tax facilities. Easton, 1991, Suf? cient working subsets for the tour scheduling problem. Jagannathan, 1991, Storing crossmatched blood. Lovell, 1991, The allocation of consumer incentives to meet simultaneous sales quotas. Mandell, 1991, Modeling effectiveness– equity trade-offs in public service delivery systems. Ray, 1991, Resource-use ef? ciency in public schools. Simms, 1991, An information processing model of a police organization. Gleeson, 1992, Renovation of public housing. Ho, 1992, Minimizing total cost in scheduling outpatient appointments. Rabinowitz, 1992, A nonlinear heuristic short-term model for hydroelectric energy production. Sherali, 1992, An integrated simulation and dynamic programming approach for determining optimal runway exit locations. Whitt, 1992, Understanding the ef? ciency of multi-server service systems. Grabowski, 1993, An expert system for maritime pilots. Graves, 1993, Flight crew scheduling. Hoffman, 1993, Solving airline crew scheduling problems by branch-and-cut. Moskowitz, 1993, A multistage screening model for evaluation and control of misclassi? cation error in the detection of hypertension. Brimberg, 1994, Economic development of groundwater in arid zones with applications to the Negev Desert, Israel. Jarrah, 1994, Equipment selection and machine scheduling in general mail facilities. Jarrah, 1994, Solving large-scale tour scheduling problems. Krass, 1994, A network model to maximize Navy personnel readiness and its solution. Lynch, 1994, Regulatory measurement and evaluation of telephone service quality. Apte, 1995, Global disaggregation of information-intensive services. Darr, 1995, The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations. Fladmoe-Lindquist, 1995, Control modes in international service operations. Kellogg, 1995, Constructing an empirically derived measure for customer contact. McLaughlin, 1995, Professional service organizations and focus. O’Kelley, 1995, Lower bounds for the hub location problem. Peterson, 1995, Models and algorithms for transient queuing congestions at airports. Roth, 1995, Strategic determinants of service quality and performance. Sampson, 1995, Increasing service levels in conference and educational scheduling. Sulek, 1995, The impact of a customer service intervention and facility design on ? rm performance. Swersey, 1995, An integer programming model for locating vehicle emissions testing stations. Thompson, 1995, Improved implicit optimal modeling of the labor shift scheduling problem. Ahn, 1996, Involving patients in the cadaveric kidney transplant allocation process. Dittus, 996, Medical resident work schedules. Gerchak, 1996, Reservation planning for elective surgery under uncertain demand for emergency surgery. Jacobs, 1996, Overlapping start-time bands in implicit tour scheduling. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operatio ns Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 785 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Archibald, 1997, An optimal policy for a two depot inventory problem with stock transfer. Desaulniers, 1997, Daily aircraft routing and scheduling. Eisenstein, 1997, Garbage collection in Chicago. Gavish, 1997, LEOS—Optimal satellite launch policies. Mukhopadhyay, 1997, Information technology impact on process output and quality. Sherali, 1997, Static and dynamic time-space strategic models and algorithms for multilevel rail-car ? eet management. Sueyoshi, 1997, Measuring ef? ciencies and returns to scale of Nippon Telegraph Telephone in production and cost analyses. Wilhelm, 1997, Prescribing tactical response for oil spill cleanup operations. Athanassopoulos, 1998, Decision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems. Berk, 1998, The impact of discharge decisions on health care quality. Brusco, 1998, Personnel tour scheduling when startingtime restrictions are present. Gilbert, 1998, Incentive effects favor nonconsolidating queues in a service system. Laguna, 1998, Applying robust optimization to capacity expansion of one location in telecommunications with demand uncertainty. Lewis, 1998, Staf? ng and allocation of workers in an administrative of? ce. Lipscomb, 1998, Combining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling. Lobel, 1998, Vehicle scheduling in public transit and Lagrangean pricing. Mandelbaum, 1998, On pooling in queuing networks. Reddy, 1998, SPOT: Scheduling programs optimally for television. Shumsky, 1998, Optimal updating of forecasts for the timing of future events. Barnett, 1999, A â€Å"parallel approach† path to estimating collision risk during simultaneous landings. Campbell, 1999, Cross-utilization of workers whose capabilities differ. Frei, 1999, Process variation as a determinant of bank performance. Gardner, 1999, Planning electric power systems under demand uncertainty with different technology lead times. Gawande, 1999, Measures of effectiveness for governmental organizations. Grifell-Tatje, 1999, Pro? ts and productivity. Grosskophf, 1999, Anticipating the consequences of school reform. Krishnan, 1999, Customer satisfaction for ? nancial services. Myung, 1999, Design of communication networks with survivability constraints. Soteriou, 1999, Operations, quality, and pro? ability in the provision of banking services. van Ryzin, 1999, On the relationship between inventory costs and variety bene? ts in retail assortments. Whitt, 1999, Improving service by informing customers about anticipated delays. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whitt, 1999, Partitioning customers into service groups. Whitt, 1999, Predicting queuing delays. Ziarati, 1999, A branch-? rst, cut-second approach for locomotive assignment. Brusco, 2000, Optimal models for meal-break and starttime ? exibility in continuous tour scheduling. Johnson, 2000, Decision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimization model. Park, 2000, Telecommunication node clustering with node compatibility and network survivability requirements. Van Ryzin, 2000, Revenue management without forecasting or optimization. Zenios, 2000, Managing the delivery of dialysis therapy. Aksin, 2001, Modeling a phone center. Bonser, 2001, Procurement planning to maintain both short-term adaptiveness and long-term perspective. Fischetti, 2001, A polyhedral approach to simpli? ed crew scheduling and vehicle scheduling problems. Kara, 2001, The latest arrival hub location problem. Oliva, 2001, Cutting corners and working overtime. Pisano, 2001, Organizational differences in rates of learning. Stojkovic, 2001, An optimization model for the simultaneous operational ? ight and pilot scheduling problem. Lovejoy, 2002, Hospital operating room capacity expansion. Zenios, 2002, Optimal control of a paired-kidney exchange program. Zohar, 2002, Adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele-queues. Boyd, 2003, Revenue management and e-commerce. Chao, 2003, Resource allocation in multisite service systems with intersite customer ? ows. Deshpande, 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes. Iyer, 2003, A postponement model for demand management. Alagoz, 2004, The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Avramidis, 2004, Modeling daily arrivals to a telephone call center. Berger, 2004, Long-distance access network design. Felici, 2004, A polyhedral approach for the staff rostering problem. Green, 2004, Improving emergency responsiveness with management science. Ho, 2004, Setting customer expectation in service delivery. Kim, 2004, Managing capacity through reward programs. Lira, 2004, Metaheuristics with local search techniques for retail shelf-space optimization. Sohoni, 2004, Long-range reserve crew manpower planning. Vickery, 2004, The performance implications of media richness in a business-to-business service environment. Whitt, 2004, Ef? ciency-driven heavy-traf? c approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. Aviv, 2005, A partially observed Markov decision process for dynamic pricing. Banker, 2005, Productivity change, technical progress, and relative ef? ciency change in the public accounting industry. 786 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bapna, 2005, Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Campbell, 2005, Hub arc location problems. Cook, 2005, Optimal allocation of proposals to reviewers to facilitate effective ranking. Craft, 2005, Analyzing bioterror response logistics. e Jong, 2005, Antecedents and consequences of group potency. G aur, 2005, An econometric analysis of inventory turnover performance in retail services. Kwasnica, 2005, A new and improved design for multiobject iterative auctions. Naveh, 2005, Treatment errors in healthcare. Netessine, 2005, Revenue management games. Reagans, 2005, Individual experience and experience working together. Terwiesch, 2005, Online haggling at a name-your-ownprice retailer. Wee, 2005, Optimal policies for transshipping inventory in a retail network. Whitt, 2005, Engineering solution of a basic call-center model. Zhao, 2005, Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks. Anderson, 2006, Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Ata, 2006, Dynamic control of an M/M/1 service system with adjustable arrival and service rates. Bernstein, 2006, Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes. Bolton, 2006, The effect of service experiences over time on a supplier’s retention of business customers. Czerwinski, 2006, Airlines as baseball players. Faraj, 2006, Coordination in fast-response organizations. Gaur, 2006, Assortment planning and inventory decisions under a locational choice model. Huckman, 2006, The ? rm speci? city of individual performance. Lapre, 2006, Organizational learning curves for customer dissatisfaction. Netessine, 2006, Supply chain choice on the internet. Sosic, 2006, Transshipment of inventories among retailers. Su, 2006, Recipient choice can address the ef? ciency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation. Taylor, 2006, An empirical examination of the decision to invest in ful? llment capabilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Swami, 2001, Play it again, Sam? Optimal replacement policies for a motion picture exhibitor. Garnett, 2002, Designing a call center with impatient customers. Huchzermeier, 2002, The supply chain impact of smart customers in a promotional environment. Johnson, 2002, Performance analysis of split-case sorting systems. Gans, 2003, Telephone call centers. Barnhart, 2004, Airline schedule planning. Gallego, 2004, Revenue management of ? exible products. Gunes, 2004, Value creation in service delivery. Lariviere, 2004, Strategically seeking service. Su, 2004, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Cachon, 2005, Retail assortment planning in the presence of consumer search. Chen, 2005, Quantifying the value of lead time information in a single-location inventory system. Gaur, 2005, Hedging inventory risk through market investments. Harrison, 2005, A method for staf? ng large call centers based on stochastic ? uid models. Wallace, 2005, A staf? ng algorithm for call centers with skill-based routing. Caggiano, 2006, Integrated real-time capacity and inventory allocation for repairable service parts in a two-echelon supply system. Cooper, 2006, Stochastic comparisons in airline revenue management systems. Elhedhli, 2006, Service system design with immobile servers, stochastic demand, and congestion. Ferguson, 2006, Supply chain coordination for false failure returns. Schwarz, 2006, On the interactions between routing and inventory-management polices in a one-warehouse n-retailer distribution system. Whitt, 2006, The impact of increased employee retention on performance in a customer contact center. Operations Research †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Manufacturing Service Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Pinker, 2000, The ef? ciency– quality trade-off of crosstrained workers. So, 2000, Price and time competition for service delivery. Soteriou, 2000, A robust optimization approach for improving service quality. Cachon, 2001, Managing a retailer’s shelf space, inventory, and transportation. Fisher, 2001, Optimizing inventory replenishment of retail fashion products. Heim, 2001, Operational drivers of customer loyalty in electronic retailing. Menor, 2001, Agility in retail banking. †¢ †¢ Bartholdi, 1990, Scheduling interviews for a job fair. Berg, 1990, Customer delay in M/G/(in? nity) repair systems with spares. Brown, 1990, Annual scheduling of Atlantic ? eet naval combatants. Daduna, 1990, Exchangeable items in repair systems. Ferland, 1990, Decision support system for the school districting problem. Ford, 1990, Estimating the impact of ef? ciency standards on the uncertainty of the northwest electric system. Gopalan, 1990, Modeling equity of risk in transportation of hazardous materials. Hamblin, 1990, Optimizing simulation for policy analysis in a residential energy end-of-use model. Sherali, 1990, A two-phase decomposition approach for electric utility capacity expansion planning including nondispatchable technologies. Yamani, 1990, Single aircraft mid-air refueling using spherical distances. Altinkemer, 1991, Parallel savings based heuristics for the delivery problem. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 787 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hof, 1991, A multilevel analysis of production capabilities of the national forest system. Kent, 1991, Natural resource land management planning using large-scale linear programs. Kraay, 1991, Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads. Kwun, 1991, Joint optimal planning of industrial congeneration and conventional electricity systems. Agnihothri, 1992, Performance evaluation of service territories. Avery, 1992, Optimization of purchase, storage, and transmission contracts for natural gas utilities. Hartley, 1992, Military operations research. Jack, 1992, Design and implementation of an interactive optimization system for telephone network planning. Klimberg, 1992, Improving the effectiveness of FDA drug inspection. Ng, 1992, A multicriteria optimization approach to aircraft loading. Oren, 1992, Design and management of curtailable electricity service to reduce annual peaks. Stroup, 1992, A fuel management model for the airline industry. Weatherford, 1992, A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management. Wollmer, 1992, An airline seat anagement model for a single leg routine when lower fare classes book ? rst. Ball, 1993, A reliability model applied to emergency service vehicle location. Berge, 1993, Demand driven dispatch. Bradley, 1993, Measuring performance in a multiproduct ? rm. Brumelle, 1993, Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classe s. Caulkins, 1993, Local drug markets’ response to focused police enforcement. Caulkins, 1993, The on-time machines. Fleurent, 1993, Allocating games for the NHL using integer programming. Franz, 1993, Scheduling medical residents to rotations. Martin, 1993, Design and implementation of an expert system for controlling health care costs. Rautman, 1993, Scheduling the disposal of nuclear waster material in a geologic repository using the transportation model. Soumis, 1993, A stochastic, multiclass airline network equilibrium model. Terrab, 1993, Strategic ? ow management for air traf? c control. Blanco, 1994, A sea story. Reisman, 1994, Operations research in libraries. Ringel, 1994, A stochastic analysis of state transitions in an air-space management system. Russell, 1994, Devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Vranas, 1994, The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Weintraub, 1994, A heuristic system to solve mixed integer forest planning models. Barnhart, 1995, Deadhead selection for the long-haul crew pairing problem. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bitran, 1995, An application of yield management to the hotel industry considering multiple day stays. Brusco, 1995, Improving personnel scheduling at airline stations. Kaplan, 1995, Probability models of needle exchange. Keeney, 1995, Evaluating improvements in electric utility reliability at British Columbia hydro. Peterson, 1995, Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multiclass queuing networks in air transportation. Richetta, 1995, Optimal algorithms and a remarkably ef? cient heuristic for the ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Robinson, 1995, Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Barnhart, 1996, Air network design for express shipment service. Bitran, 1996, Managing hotel reservations with uncertain arrivals. Eisenstein, 1996, Separating logistics ? ows in the Chicago public school system. Maclellan, 1996, Basing airtankers for forest ? re control in Ontario. Rosenthal, 1996, Optimizing ? ight operations for an aircraft carrier in transit. Thompson, 1996, DEA/assurance region SBDC ef? ciency and unique projections. Ahmadi, 1997, Managing capacity and ? ow at theme parks. Bevers, 1997, Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery. Bukiet, 1997, A Markov chain approach to baseball. Day, 1997, Flight attendant rostering for short-haul airline operations. Eppen, 1997, Improved fashion buying with Bayesian updates. Griggs, 1997, An air mission planning algorithm using decision analysis and mixed integer programming. Vance, 1997, Airline crew scheduling. Andreatta, 1998, Multiairport ground holding problem. Bertsimas, 1998, The air traf? c ? ow management problem with enroute capacities. Bixby, 1998, Solving a truck dispatching scheduling problem using branch-and-cut. Caprara, 1998, Modeling and solving the crew rostering problem. Chatwin, 1998, Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class. Gopalan, 1998, The aircraft maintenance routing problem. Lederer, 1998, Airline network design. Mason, 1998, Integrated simulation, heuristic and optimisation approaches to staff scheduling. Nemhauser, 1998, Scheduling a major college basketball conference. Savelsbergh, 1998, Drive: Dynamic routing of independent vehicles. Gamachea, 1999, A column generation approach for largescale aircrew rostering problems. Hobbs, 1999, Stochastic programming-based bounding of 788 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ expected production costs for multiarea electric power systems. Keeney, 1999, Identifying and structuring values to guide integrated resource planning at BC Gas. Mingozzi, 1999, A set partitioning approach to the crew scheduling problem. Murty, 1999, The U. S. Army National Guard’s mobile training simulators location and routing problem. Barnett, 2000, Free-? ight and en route air safety. Barnhart, 2000, Railroad blocking. Bashyam, 2000, Service design and price competition in business information services. Feng, 2000, Optimal policies of yield management with multiple predetermined prices. Haight, 2000, An integer optimization approach to a probabilistic reserve site selection problem. Hoffman, 2000, A comparison of formulations for the single-airport ground-holding problem with banking constraints. Smith, 2000, Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitution. Van Slyke, 2000, Finite horizon stochastic knapsacks with applications to yield management. Zenios, 2000, Dynamic allocation of kidneys to candidates on the transplant waiting list. Barnett, 2001, Safe at home? Cai, 2001, Solving large nonconvex water resources management models using generalized benders decomposition. Cordeau, 2001, Simultaneous assignment of locomotives and cars to passenger trains. Feng, 2001, A dynamic airline seat inventory control model and its optimal policy. Henz, 2001, Scheduling a major college basketball conference—Revisited. Baker, 2002, Optimizing military aircraft. Camm, 2002, Nature reserve site selection to maximize expected species covered. Caprara, 2002, Modeling and solving the train timetabling problem. Cooper, 2002, Asymptotic behavior of an allocation policy for revenue management. Cooper, 2002, An illustrative application of IDEA (imprecise data envelopment analysis) to a Korean telecommunication company. Gans, 2002, Managing learning and turnover in employee staf? ng. Netessine, 2002, Flexible service capacity. Powell, 2002, Implementing real-time optimization models. Bertsimas, 2003, Restaurant revenue management. Brumelle, 2003, Dynamic airline revenue management with multiple semi-Markov demand. Cohn, 2003, Improving crew scheduling by incorporating key maintenance routing decisions. Deshpande, 2003, An empirical study of service differentiation from weapon system service parts. Erhun, 2003, Enterprise-wide optimization of total landed cost at a grocery retailer. Rajaram, 2003, Flow management to optimize retail pro? ts at theme parks. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Armony, 2004, Contact centers with a call-back option and real-time delay information. Armony, 2004, On customer contact centers with a callback option. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercials on broadcast television. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercial videotapes in broadcast television. Borst, 2004, Dimensioning large call centers. Cappanera, 2004, A multicommodity ? ow approach to the crew rostering problem. Gaur, 2004, A periodic inventory routing problem at a supermarket chain. Hamacher, 2004, Design of zone tariff systems in public transportation. Karaesmen, 2004, Overbooking with substitutable inventory classes. Qi, 2004, Class scheduling for pilot training. Zhu, 2004, Imprecise DEA via standard linear DEA models with a revisit to Korean mobile telecommunication company. Armstrong, 2005, A stochastic salvo model for naval surface combat. Ata, 2005, Dynamic power control in a wireless static channel subject to a quality-of-service constraint. Bertsimas, 2005, Simulation based booking limits for airline revenue management. Brown, 2005, A two-sided optimization for theater ballistic missile defense. Chardaire, 2005, Solving a time-space network formulation for the convoy movement problem. Dasci, 2005, A continuous model for multistore competitive location. De Vericourt, 2005, Managing response time in a callrouting problem with service failure. Holder, 2005, Navy personnel planning and the optimal partition. Jahn, 2005, System-optimal routing of traf? c ? ows with user constraints in networks with congestion. Maglaras, 2005, Pricing and design of differentiated services. Savin, 2005, Capacity management in rental businesses with two customer bases. Shu, 2005, Stochastic transportation-inventory network design problem. Su, 2005, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Wu, 2005, Optimization of in? uenza vaccine selection. Yang, 2005, A multiperiod dynamic model of taxi services with endogenous service intensity. Zhang, 2005, Revenue management for parallel ? ights with customer-choice behavior. Agur, 2006, Optimizing chemotherapy scheduling using local search heuristics. Bassamboo, 2006, Design and control of a large call center. Cook, 2006, Incorporating multiprocess performance standards into the DEA framework. Cordeau, 2006, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the diala-ride problem. Dawande, 2006, Effective heuristics for multiproduct partial shipment models. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ 789 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deshpande, 2006, Ef? cient supply chain management at the U. S. Coast Guard using part-age dependent supply replenishment policies. Fry, 2006, Fire? ghter staf? ng including temporary absences and wastage. Ghiani, 2006, The black and white traveling salesman problem. Green, 2006, Managing patient service in a diagnostic medical facility. Mannino, 2006, The network packing problem in terrestrial broadcasting. Marcus, 2006, Online low price guarantees. Marklund, 2006, Controlling inventories in divergent supply chains with advance-order information. Netessine, 2006, Revenue management through dynamic cross selling in e-commerce retailing. Perakis, 2006, An analytical model for traf? c delays and the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Romeijn, 2006, A new linear programming approach to radiation therapy treatment planning problems. Washburn, 2006, Piled-slab searches. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production and Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easton, 1992, Analysis of alternative scheduling policies for hospital nurses. Ernst, 1992, Coordination alternatives in a manufacturing/dealer inventory system under stochastic demand. Schneeweiss, 1992, Planning and scheduling the repair shops of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Rajagopalan, 1993, Allocating and scheduling mobile diagnostic imaging equipment among hospitals. Malhotra, 1994, Scheduling ? exibility in the service sector. Sainfort, 1994, A pavement management decision support system. Cox, 1995, A new learning approach to process improvement in a telecommunications company. Roth, 1995, Hospital resource planning. Schneider, 1995, Power approximations for a two-echelon inventory system using service levels. Chase, 1996, The mall is my factory. Crandall, 1996, Demand management. Joglekar, 1996, A pro? t maximization model for a retailer’s stocking decisions on products subject to sudden obsolescence. Cachon, 1996, Campbell soup’s continuous replenishment program. Clark, 1997, Reengineering channel reordering processes to improve total supply-chain performance. Harvey, 1998, Building the service operations course around a ? eld project. Kolesar, 1998, Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang’s delay formula. Lee, 1998, Effects of integrating order/backorder quantity and pricing decisions. Boronico, 1999, Reliability-constrained pricing, capacity, and quality. Cheng, 1999, Optimality of state dependent (s,S) policies in inventory models with Markov demand and lost sales. Cook, 1999, Service typologies. Dasu, 1999, A dynamic process model of dissatisfaction for unfavorable non-routine service encounters. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dube, 1999, Adapting the QFD approach to extended service transactions. Hays, 1999, The market share impact of service failures. Kapalka, 1999, Retail inventory control with lost sales, service constraints, and factional lead times. Metters, 1999, Measurement of multiple sites in service ? rms with data envelopment analysis. Nie, 1999, How professors of operations management view service operations. Soteriou, 1999, Resource allocation to improve service quality perceptions in multistage service systems. Stewart, 1999, The impact of human error on delivering service quality. Anderson, 2000, A simulation game for teaching servicesoriented supply chain management. Petersen, 2000, An evaluation of order picking policies for mail order companies. Chaouch, 2001, Stock levels and delivery rates in vendormanaged inventory programs. Devaraj, 2001, Product and service quality. Hays, 2001, A longitudinal study of the effect of a service guarantee on service quality. Van Woensel, 2001, Managing the environmental externalities of traf? c logistics. Agrawal, 2002, Multi-vendor sourcing in a retail supply chain. Boyer, 2002, Drivers of Internet purchasing success. Heim, 2002, Service process con? gurations in electronic retailing. Tagaras, 2002, Effectiveness of stock transshipment under various demand distributions and nonnegligible transshipment times. Akkermans, 2003, Ampli? cation in service supply chains. Alfaro, 2003, The value of sku rationalization in practice. Athanassopoulos, 2003, Modeling customer satisfaction in telecommunications. Baker, 2003, The bene? ts of optimizing prices to manage demand in hotel revenue management systems. Cayirli, 2003, Outpatient scheduling in health care. Giloni, 2003, Service system design for the property and casualty insurance industry. Goodale, 2003, A market utility-based model for capacity scheduling in mass services. Green, 2003, An improved heuristic for staf? ng telephone call centers with limited operating hours. Kassinis, 2003, Greening the service pro? t chain. Keizers, 2003, Diagnosing order planning performance at a Navy maintenance and repair organization using logistic regression. Meyer-Goldstein, 2003, Employee development. Mondschein, 2003, Appointment policies in service operations. Roth, 2003, Insights into service operations management. Stewart, 2003, Piecing together service quality. Boyaci, 2004, Supply chain coordination in a market with customer service competition. Craighead, 2004, The effects of severity of failure and customer loyalty on service recovery strategies. Field, 2004, Managing quality in the e-service system. Gavish, 2004, Dynamic policies for optimal LEO satellite launches. 790 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hur, 2004, Real-time work schedule adjustment decisions. Jack, 2004, Volume ? exible strategies in health services. Lapre, 2004, Performance improvement paths in the U. S. airline industry. Napoleon, 2004, The creation of output and quality in services. Sampson, 2004, Practical implications of preference-based conference scheduling. Tsay, 2004, Channel con? ict and coordination in the ecommerce age. Tsikriktsis, 2004, Adoption of e-processes by service ? rms. Chakravarthy, 2005, Optimal workforce mix in service systems with two types of customers. Gaur, 2005, In-store experiments to determine the impact of price on sales. Miller, 2005, A learning real options framework with application to process design and capacity planning. Anderson, 2006, Stochastic optimal control for staf? ng and backlog policies in a two-stage customized service supply chain. Berling, 2006, Heuristic coordination of decentralized inventory systems using induced backorder costs. Boyer, 2006, Analysis of effects of operational execution on repeat purchasing heterogeneous customer segments. Chambers, 2006, Modeling and managing the percentage of satis? ed customers in hidden and revealed waiting line systems. Ferguson, 2006, Information sharing to improve retail product freshness of perishables. Hays, 2006, An extended longitudinal study of the effects of a service guarantee. Rajamani, 2006, A framework to analyze cash supply chains. Sampson, 2006, Foundations and implications of a proposed uni? ed services theory. Whitt, 2006, Staf? ng a call center with uncertain arrival rate and absenteeism. References Gupta, S. , R. Verma, L. Victorino. 2006. Empirical research published in Production and Operations Management (1992–2005): Trends and Future Research Directions. Production and Operations Management 15(3) 432– 448. Karmarkar, U. 2004. Will you survive the services revolution? Harvard Business Review 82(6) 100 –107. Pannirselvam, G. P. , L. A. Ferguson, R. C. Ash, S. P. Siferd. 1999. Operations management research: An update for the 1990s. Journal of Operations Management 18(1) 95–112. Roth, A. V. , L. J. Menor. 2003. Insight into service operations management: A research agenda. Production and Operations Management 12(2) 145–164. Spohrer, J. , P. Maglio, J. Bailey, D. Gruhl. 2007. Steps toward a science of service systems. Computer 40(1) 71–77. How to cite A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management, Essays

Fletchers 6th grade Energy Test Review Example For Students

Fletchers 6th grade Energy Test Review Term Definition Nuclear Fission The splitting of an atoms nucleus Nuclear Energy The energy that comes from the splitting of atoms Infrared Radiation Heat waves Kelvin Scale The temperature scale that shows absolute zero Petroleum Fossil fuel that comes from the fossilized remains of tiny marine organisms Mechanical Energy The total sum of potential and kinetic energy combined Radiant Energy The energy that travels from the Sun to the Earth Celsius Scale The temperature scale that has the boiling point of water at 100 degrees Calorie The amount of heat energy needed to raise teh temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C Temperature The measure of the average kinetic energy within a substance Potential The stored energy of position, chemical bond or shape Kinetic The energy of motion Convection The spread of heat energy by making fluids expand and rise Hydro Electric energy The type of energy produced when falling water spins a turbine Chemical Energy The type of energy stored in the bonds within food and batteries Destroyed Energy cannot be ______ Turbine A spinning tool used to produce electricity Conduction Heat energy spreading through things that are touching Transformed Energy can be _______ Nonrenewable energy Energy resource that is used up faster than it is replaced Absolute zero The point at which all molecular motion stops Coal Fossil fuel that comes from fossilized swamp plants Geothermal Energy Heat energy that comes from the Earths interior Thermal Energy Heat energy Radiation Heat energy that spreads out by electromagnetic waves

A comparison of manned missions to space and robot missions essays

A comparison of manned missions to space and robot missions essays Since the Soviets put Sputnik into space, there have been many missions into space. Robots have done some missions and people have done others. Robots do not possess human judgment or the abilities necessary for solving problems. However, manned space missions are much more costly than robot missions and they have more risk. In space, there are lots of unpredicted variables and things that we do not expect to occur. Due to this, it is important to have manned space missions. Humans are capable of solving problems, whereas robots only know what theyve been programmed to do. Apollo thirteen would have been destroyed if it were a robot, but since it had a human crew on board, it survived. They were able to solve their problems because they were capable. Also, in space, it is necessary for on the spot judgment. Humans possess the capability make decisions, but robots can only do a limited amount of tasks. This is a large con to sending robots into space. On the other hand, manned missions are much more expensive than robots. A single flight of the space shuttle costs around $420 million dollars. In addition, manned shuttles need places to stay. The International Space Station has already cost $16 billion to build and the price is expected to reach over $40 billion. The expected price was $8 billion. Robots are much cheaper. The Mars Pathfinder cost only $265 million and it brought back lots of useful scientific data. Robots are more economical than manned space flights. Furthermore, manned space missions have greater risk than robot missions. As in the case of Apollo 1 and Apollo 13, accidents occurred on manned space missions. That puts peoples lives in danger as well as space shuttles. If a robot malfunctions or breaks somehow, not as much is lost. When astronauts are lost, new ones have to be trained and prepared for space flight. When a robot is destroyed, a new one can be made and any problems wi...

Airborne Express in 2002 Essays

Airborne Express in 2002 Essays Airborne Express in 2002 Paper Airborne Express in 2002 Paper Statement of Purpose The group aims to identify the generic strategy Airborne Express is pursuing, whether such strategy is sound in the context of air express industry. The company’s strengths and weaknesses are evaluated with the opportunities and threats to identify the distinctive competency that it can adapt. Statement of the Problem The group endeavors to identify the strategy that Airborne Express can implement to its domestic and international operations. Assessing the strategic alliances the company made and the diversification of its services including logistic services is also part of the group’s objective. Alternative Courses of Action Lease Out Airport One solution that is viable to some of Airborne’s dilemmas is leasing out a portion of their airport to private aircrafts or to its competitors. As mentioned in the case, Airborne has seen a decrease in price of its package per customer area. Competition and the new methods of sending packages cause its profits to drop. Such lease can subsidize these falling rates. With the cost of building an airport well above $120 million, this would be an option for other air carriers to consider. Further, with the revenue brought by the leases, Airborne could build another runway so the leased part of the airport would not affect Airborne’s business. However, competitors might be hesitant in giving Airborne additional revenues. Accept DHL company acquisition Since Airborne lacks capital for its expansion in the international scene, the takeover of DHL can be a good approach to achieve global scope. Additional facilities abroad can be accessed as well in such merger. This will provide an opportunity for the merged company to compete with UPS and FedEx and can possibly obtain increased market share especially in the international scene. This might not be good for the ego of the new administration but, as recalled in their history, Airborne has previously experienced mergers that led to quite promising opportunities. Then again, new culture might be adopted (that of DHL) that will need lots of adjustments and changes. Yet, such predicament can be solved by giving Airborne a grace period to be prepared for the merger. Pursue International Strategic Alliances Logistics Services The alliance with Mitsui and Tonami is a good mean for extending Airborne’s services to the global perspective. Not only does it receive funds for aircraft financing but it can also be a good way for Airborne to penetrate other geographical areas. Airborne will not need much capital, yet, it will continue to depend on other carriers for space lease. Airborne can remedy this buy starting to fly their own aircrafts and pursue more alliances with other groups to obtain the minimum volume for their operations. They can use the company’s Free Trade Zone (FTZ) as their primary service. Caution, however, is taken as the alliance will depend on the stability of the member companies. If the partner companies experience trouble, the domino effect would likely be felt. Improve GDS and SDS services The trend of shifting from overnight premium express to low margin deferred services implies that people take advantage of cheaper delivery services. Airborne can market this service to have diversified product from its competitors. However, since the service is imitable, benefits from these services can not last long, unless Airborne will decrease its prices further (this can be easily coped with its competitors or can bleed Airborne with osses). Methods of Analysis SWOT Analysis The group facilitated a SWOT analysis to determine the internal and external factors that influenced the company with respect to its industry. Based from this analysis, the company strengths primarily lie with its cost advantage with its economies of scales and good aircraft maintenance and its generic strategy of adopting a cost based focus, giving them big corporate accounts as customers. The weakness focused on their capital insufficiency that hinders them to explore the opportunities of global expansion. The intense competition of FedEx and UPS threatens the company’s market share, along with the bargaining power of buyers, the rising fuel costs, and the weak volume growth in the industry. Industry Analysis Using Porter’s Five Forces Model of Industry Attractiveness, the group analyzed the condition of the industry where Airborne belongs. Our analysis shows that entry to this air express industry is hindered with high barrier such as large capital outlay, economies of scale, and brand identity. Intensive rivalry between UPS and FedEx creates lots of price war, which can be detrimental for new entrants. A greater bargaining power from customers is present (especially in the case of Airborne that focused on corporate accounts) as well as from their suppliers (higher fuel). The threats of faxes and emails as substitutes exist, though not that significant with the delivery of original copies. Overall, the air express is an unattractive industry and is just favorable for the existing giants and players in the industry. Financial Ratio Analysis Using the data from the companys Income Statement from 1997 – 2001 and in reference with its shipment revenue statistics, shipment volume statistics and workforce and productivity statistics, the group analyzed the operational efficiency of the company. The trend analysis showed that profitability has declined over the years due to increasing operating costs and declining volume growth of shipments. The company is faced with high bargaining power from corporate accounts though it can generate higher revenue per shipment with these accounts compared with other services it offers. Employee productivity increased in 2001. Total benefits paid to employees continued to increase in 2001 when there was a reduction in the number of employees for the year which suggests that the company may need to examine its compensation plan to boost productivity. The demand for a global air express service challenges the companys market for high-volume accounts. A strategy has to be created to retain their corporate accounts if the company wants to survive in the airline industry. Recommendation Merging with DHL would be the ideal strategy that Airborne will do. It’s a win-win situation for both companies since Airborne does not have international scope which DHL have while DHL has limited access to the US market in which Airborne possesses. The merger can give an opportunity to compete with UPS and FedEx and possibly increase the market share of the company. The opportunities for the global market are just too big to forego, and merging with DHL would give Airborne a good level to commence such activity. Conclusion The transportation industry will definitely take a new turn in the near future. The world has become a very small place that we are defined more by the time zones rather than the distance. This means that we are most likely to observe some large merges that will divide transportation market on larger shares. It is up to Airborne whether to take the challenge of globalization or continue to battle with the heated domestic market in the US. Extending Competitive Strategy (Strength VS Opportunities) 1. Extend inventory management and logistic services in the global market 2. Find more alliances with foreign countries 3. Advertise and offer services to other global corporations Building Competitive Strategy (Weakness VS Opportunities) 1. Agree in the merger with DHL. 2. Advertise its newly acquired planes to establish a trademark. 3. Lease the old airplanes use the proceeds to enhance the new aircrafts. 4. Borrow funds from the bank to proceed with global expansion. 5. Promote more the GDS. 6. Start flying their aircrafts internationally. Sustaining Competitive Strategy (Strengths VS Threats) 1. Maintain flexible time. 2. Do more research to reduce further fleet repairs. 3. Obtain more corporate accounts. . Lease out their airports to competitors or other companies. 5. Improve SDS and GDS services. Avoidance (Weakness Vs Threats) 1. Give in to corporate accounts and continue providing discounts. 2. Sell excess aircrafts INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Risk of entry by potential competitors A high entry barrier exists in the air express industry. Huge capital investment is needed to set up a network and supporting infrastructure. As such there is no brand loyalty, however all the major players are know for their reliability and for a new entrant to establish the same will take a lot of time. There wont be any cost advantage factor as the hub-and-spoke model, used in this industry, can be implemented by new entrants. Economies of scale will not be in favor of the new competitor as the initial volume would be low. Switching costs are not high in this industry. Rivalry among established companies This industry is highly consolidated with only 3 major players – somewhat an oligopoly. The industry is also characterized by numerous price wars between the 2 giants, namely, UPS and FedEx. Airborne and the rest of the companies generally follow the trends set by these two firms or fall out. The exit barriers to this industry are high. This is due to the investments in hubs, vans, jets and other capital extensive infrastructure. Bargaining power of buyers Businesses and individuals all fall under the customers category for this industry. For Airborne, big customers do get volume discounts and can negotiate prices with sales representatives. However smaller customers have to take what is being offered to them. The only say they have is that they can switch between the players, but due to intense competition, the prices offered are generally the same across the service band. Bargaining power of suppliers The inputs to this industry are fuel, planes, vans, customs, permits and others. The companies do liaison with relevant industries to prevent themselves from fuel hikes. Arrangements with various customs departments are also made to facilitate faster clearance of goods and packages. As such there is no threat from supplier side to this industry. Substitute Products Businesses can use fax; telex etc to send important documents. Emails can also be used for the same purpose. These provide them with low cost alternative to express mail. However the threat of substitution is limited, when it comes to sending originals. Substitutes from other industries are also limited. The company is adopting a cost-based focus, which enables Airborne to carve a market niche against UPS and FedEx on focusing on large corporate accounts. It improves the value added activities of Airborne and reduced cost of services further. However, UPS and FedEx may catch up with Airborne if they will too enter this kind of niche, giving Airborne another type of competition. The bargaining power of the buyers also reduced its revenues with the discounts demanded by the customers. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS Income Statement Analysis From the above data, it is apparent that profitability of Airborne Express Declined over the last five years. Almost 90% of the revenue generated by the company is from Domestic operations. Decreases in the profitability are results of weak volume growth, high fuel costs and strong competition from FedEx and UPS. Below are the components of Operating Expenses incurred by the company over the last five years as a percentage of total operating expenses: Major components of the cost of the company over the past five years are transportation purchased at 32. 89% of total cost and station and ground operations at 32. 47% of total cost followed by flight operations and maintenance at a percentage of 17. 09. The company incurs less labor costs. Shipment Revenue Statistics Analysis The table shows that Airborne Express generates more revenue on a per shipment basis in dealing with large clients. Airborne Express as a niche player, focuses on high-volume corporate accounts which enables it to significantly cut down on its costs. However on a per-pound basis, Airborne could charge only as much as $0. 94 on domestic high-volume transactions and $0. 77 on international freight transactions for 2001 because of the high-bargaining power of these customers. Shipment Volume Statistics Analysis Annual growth for second day service steadily increased from -11. 80% in 1997 to 15. 40% in 2001. The bulk of the shipments may be from overnight services but this has shown negative growth over the past years due to the use of e-mails which decreased the demand for the service. Shipments from high-volume accounts and international freight are more steady when compared to other services offered by the company although annual growth for these services are slow. Globalization, raises the opportunity for establishing an international service comparable to its domestic service. The company may work on this opportunity to retain its high-volume and international freight clients which generates higher revenue on a per shipment basis for the company. Work Force and Productivity Statistics Analysis Labor productivity measured by shipments per employee hour shows plays around 7%-8% over the past five years. Based on statistics, 1999 showed a decrease in productivity. In 2001 it showed an improvement. In 2001, employee hours decreased by 3. 74% compared with last year. Total compensation continued to increase in 2001 which shows that the increase in productivity may be due to additional incentives given to employees. However total shipments growth rate in 2001 decreased by 1. 60%. The company may need to look into its compensation plan as well in boosting productivity.

Philosophy( ethical interview) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy( ethical interview) - Essay Example She is a humanitarian as well as an environmentalist. She recycles every week and is usually inclined to bring in stray cats and dogs when she spots them along the street. Jenny’s L.P.N. position brings her to the aid of many elderly individuals who are incontinent and unable to manage the basics of personal care. Certain aspects of her job place her in a position of having to change diapers or clean up messes involving bodily fluids. This is a task which would cause even the strongest of stomachs. When asked how she is able to stomach such tasks, she says that she is reminded of her elderly grandparents who require similar levels of care. She recalls how they came from such terrible events in history and yet continued on with their lives disallowing the events of the Holocaust from keeping them from living their lives and from being productive human beings. She is so proud of this legacy, that she gleans a sense of perseverance from their attitude. She also tends to see many of her elderly patients as individuals who have been through most of what life has had to offer; and that those individuals deserve our respect and care. Because of this p hilosophy, Jenny is motivated to care for these elderly patients in a way that honors them in a manner of dignity and respect. Jenny tends to work more with elderly citizens at her hospital position more so than with middle age individuals or children. This is a job that many in the nursing field would rather not do. There is certainly a difference between changing the diaper of an infant and the diaper of an elderly person. Because of her feelings on the elderly and her love and respect of them; she is very enthusiastic about being able to care for them on a day to day basis. She often finds herself having to feed them or assist them with their meals and snacks. This is an opportunity she says, to allow them to open up and talk. Sadly, Jenny says

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove - Essay Example In this essay I analyze the movie based on the various points of criticism that it faced. Mockery of nuclear warfare and its seriousness When analyzing a film it is important to take into account the content and the period, which brought the idea about. Despite strong criticism than Stanley Kubrick made a mockery out of nuclear warfare and over simplified the entire process of war and the politics of it. It is hard to ignore that the political climate at the time leaned dangerously towards the concept of â€Å"accidental war† which was the crux of Peter George’s novel. Though the actual scenario is far from the truth and not a possibility the concept did create doubts in the minds of people. America at the time of the release was going through conflicting times and the people were divided in their opinion of the Government policies. President Kennedy was in the process of signing a treaty with the Soviet Union premier Nikita Khrushchev that called for the ban of atmosph eric nuclear testing. It may be an obsolete thought now, but in 1964, the imagery, however, lighthearted of a power hungry Brigadier general who actually made a war happen seemed convincing. Was the issue of an imminent nuclear war really a laughing matter for Stanley Kubrick? I do not think so. One major factor that I will attribute to all of his films is the amount of research and thought that he put into the art of filmmaking. Stanley Kubrick was in no way in the industry for want of nothing better to do. His movies have always made an impact on people and had a clear-cut message to send across. The film was the result of an in-depth analysis of the nuclear war and its danger. He put this strong message across very effectively with the use of satire and his excellent casting. Peter sellers gave a stellar performance in all of his 3 roles as Group Captain Lionel Mandrake, President Mirkin Muffley and, the paraplegic scientist Dr. Strangelove himself. Sterling Hayden, George C Scot t and Slim Pickens played the roles of General Jack D. Ripper, General Turgidson and the crazily lunatic power hungry Major Kong respectively, to perfection. Simplistic approach to a complex situation. There is nothing simple about the movie. The only thing that can be considered simplistic is the analysis hinted at. The movie blatantly points out that military and political powers used war as a tool to give vent to their personal repressions, very obviously hinting towards how men with sexual tensions in their personal life tend to use war as a tool to show their manliness. In this respect the film itself offers no solution to the situation. It is not clear whether Kubrick set out to expose the current climate or propose any solution to it. It was a very subjective and biased analysis of the nations’ foreign policies. If Kubrick’s intention was just to ridicule the situation and expose the callousness in which the powers treated the matter, he more than succeeded. And he did so by taking quite a few liberties and creative licenses. A classic example is the scene where the President intervenes in the scuffle between the Soviet ambassador and General Turgidson by saying "Gentlemen, no fighting in the War Room!† A classic attempt at fantastic comedy tinged with irony earmarked the concept behind the movie. It markedly pointed towards the unthinking and extremely detached view in which people in power viewed war as a whole. The movie no doubt is a gross exaggeration

Company development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company development - Case Study Example Even though it is legal to use television commercials for political campaigns, television advertisements in this country are heavily regulated by the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission (FCC, 2012; FTC, 2012). To avoid legal or technical problems, television commercial production companies should be familiar with the technical standards implemented with regards to products, claims, and contents (Cheap TV Spots, 2012). For instance, the advertising of cigarettes on television is totally restricted or banned in the United States. Therefore, television commercial production companies in the United States should observe and up-date themselves with the on-going changes with regards to television commercial restrictions. Likewise, television commercial production companies are obliged to observe the laws on IPR. The U.S. economy is still under recovery. Therefore, television commercial production companies may encounter delay in the payments for their service. Eventually, this will negatively affect the companies’ cash flow. To maintain their competency in the market, television commercial production companies should cut down their fixed monthly operating cost without sacrificing the quality of their television commercial videos. There are social implications with regards to the production of television commercials. To avoid offending the viewers, television commercial production companies should avoid producing offensive commercial programs that can adversely affect its reputation. With regards to technology, television programs in the United States is accessible through on-air broadcast, unencrypted satellite, cable services, direct broadcast satellite, or internet protocol television (FCC, 2010). On the other hand, television advertisers are using various technologies such as video software, hard ware, digital cameras, digital video cameras, etc. Since the capital requirement in putting up this kind of business is low,

The Different Types Of Custodial Sentences

The Different Types Of Custodial Sentences For this report, I have decided to focus on the effectiveness of the use of non-custodial sentences and to explore how certain types of punishment may be the reason why some criminals re-offend. Observations Of the twenty cases I witnessed, almost three-quarters of them resulted in a community order sentence or fine, with a quarter either resulting in a conditional discharge, warrant of committal or extended sentence. It appeared that the cases were dealt with subjectively; whereby individuals circumstances were taken into account before delivering a suitable sentence. For example, in one case, a young woman pleaded guilty to possession of a Class A drug, which breached her suspended sentence. As she had attended two-hundred and thirteen hours of rehabilitation (out of a possible two-hundred and fifty), had otherwise not breached her sentence and her cravings had significantly reduced over the eighteen months of her sentence, the Magistrates decided to remove her suspended sentence and offered her a six-month conditional discharge instead. In light of the theories of punishment, particularly the Self-Regulatory Penalty, I did not see how giving the defendant a conditional discharge was deemed to be a punishment. According to Braithwaite (1989), this is referred to as denunciation; whereby an otherwise upright citizen who has breached their contract with the local community is seen to be enough to shame and reintegrate them with that community. (Worrall and Hoy, 2005: 5). However, this was the defendants second offence and the self-regulatory penalty theory fails to explain why some individuals offend. On the contrary, the breach was for a drug abuse problem which, understandably, is difficult to control and therefore can be said to justify her actions. Additionally, the defendant showed signs of remorse and disappointment as her charges were read out. Her solicitor explained, in the facts of the case, that she had earnestly handed over the drugs to the police when asked to do so. Magistrates have reported that generally female defendants areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦widely perceived to be less threatening in their behaviour and appearance, and so more deserving of compassion. (Evans and Jamieson, 2008; 119) But is this softening towards female convicts a cause for concern? In a study conducted, three Magistrates disagreed, arguing that for a woman to be brought to court was in itself a n indication of the seriousness of her conduct. (Evans and Jamieson, 2008; 119) Alternatively, the number of financial penalties given to the defendants compared with the number of community sentences given was almost equivalent. By simply imposing a fine, it hits them where it hurts-in the pocket, but is not always seen as holding the offender sufficiently accountable for their breach of contract with the community. (Young, 1989 quoted in Worrall and Hoy, 2005: 5) The paying of a fine does not constitute the same emotions of guilt or infliction of pain that would result from a punishment. In order to determine whether these sanctions are working effectively, the government and probation services need to monitor the rate of re-convictions. Studies have shown that the rate of males and females re-offending has decreased from 43.7 to 39.0 from the years 2002-2006  [1]. This reflects that the use of community penalties is having a positive effect on offenders behaviour. However, the rates of reconvictions are not reliable as they do not include offences that have not resulted in a conviction and only cover the post-two year period from the individuals previous conviction. (Davies, Croall and Tyrer: 2010; 845) Further data has shown that the likelihood of convicts reoffending is greater if the individual already has a history of previous convictions. The trends in the data show that it is often very difficult to control the behaviour or alter the attitudes of particular individuals who live the so-called life of crime. In addition to this, the chances of an individual re-offending are often influenced and affected by extraneous factors such as; age, sex, previous history of offending, types of offence, as well as the sen tence imposed. (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 2010; 486) Thirteen of the twenty cases I witnessed were offences made by working class males between the ages of 21 and 50, with the other offences made by working class females between the ages of 32 and 45. The majority of the cases involved criminal acts of theft, violence, drug abuse and breaches of previous sentences. Having predicted that the majority of offences would be made by young males, I noted that whilst it was young men that were more frequently convicted than women, for first-time offences, the majority of them re-offended. According to Worrall and Hoy (2005; 110) Predisposing hazards, based on research, suggest that re-offending is more likely to occur in young men whose first conviction was at an early age or who have a large number of previous convictions with no recent break in the pattern. Contrastingly, the least likely to reoffend are older women with late first convictions or few previous convictions with a long gap since the last conviction. It also appears that the se riousness of the present offence holds no weight on the likelihood of reoffending. This leads me on to discuss the theory of individual deterrence. This form of punishment stems from the branch of justification known as Reductivism (Walker, 1972). This form of justification serves punishment as a preventative measure for future criminal intent thereby helping to reduce crime. However studies have indicated that quite contrary to what the theory of individual deterrence suggests- that offenders who suffer more severe or punitive penalties (including penalties specifically aimed at deterrence) are more (not less) likely to reoffend.'(West, 1982: 109; Brody, 1976: 14-16; Lipsey, 1995: 74 quoted in Cavadino and Dignan 2007: 37) Therefore, if punishment, in general, is not having the desired effect on offenders, the justice system needs to consider the personal factors and elements, relevant, which may be influencing the behaviour of offenders. Conclusion As a prospective lawyer and current law student, this experience has enhanced my understanding and awareness of current issues within the criminal justice system. Theoretically the methods of punishment in place, so far, appear to be working but in practice, are not working effectively enough. The number of individuals re-offending may have reduced but the number of people committing first-time offences has increased. Probation services need to find alternative methods of eradicating criminal behaviour, attitude and intent in order to prevent reoffending.

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country :: Safe Harbor Agreement Human Rights Essays

Transfer of Personal Data to a Third Country I. Introduction 1.) An old issue, growing in importance Searching the web, one can see that privacy on the Internet is a big issue. Countless US or EU based human rights initiatives are fighting for the right to privacy. What is the reason for this? Although concerns about consumers' ability to protect their privacy have been in existence for decades, the Internet makes the issue more delicate: Businesses have access to a larger audience, which allows them to collect more data from more people. Furthermore, collection of more specific behavioural information is possible attaching cookies to a hard drive, reporting which websites someone enters.[1] In addition, data collection and storage having become much easier, faster and cheaper, cost concerns do not limit data-collection practices.[2] At the same time, the market for information about consumers and consumer behaviour is continuously growing, side by side with the expansion of e-commerce. 2.) Definition of the issue Privacy can be defined as "the right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information."[3] This paper will focus purely on information privacy, also known as "data protection", which means the rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as a person's name, address, phone number, family status, social security or other identification number or even medical, financial or government records. Data protection concerns the process of gathering, storing, analysis and distribution of personal data. Privacy issues can be divided into relations with the public sector and with the private sector.[4] In this paper, I will concentrate on the private sector, especially relevant because of the growing importance of e-commerce. 3.) Fundamentally different approaches in the US and the EU Europe and the US have very different approaches to data protection and privacy. In 250 years, nations on each side of the Atlantic have evolved their democracies into distinct forms of society and market economy. Differences in culture, policies and society are the consequence. a.) Government Interference vs. Self-Regulation As discussed in seminar one, there is an ongoing dispute regarding the approach in choosing an apt legal framework for the public and transnational sphere of cyberspace: Some scholars want governments to interfere as little as possible, others see the need for a unified legal framework. It seems that, concerning the privacy issue, the EU has chosen the latter option, by imposing a comprehensive, general law governing the collection, use and dissemination of data by public and private sector, whose enforcement is assured by an oversight body. The US tends to rely on sectoral laws, and on self-regulation for the